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What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work

Studies of data work have measured hourly earnings as low as an average of a little more than 90 cents an hour (How the AI industry profits from catastrophe) and a median of $3.31 across 26 measured figures, while the AI training roles open today advertise a median of $65 an hour, most of it expert work.

Covers
1 Jan 2016 to 10 Oct 2026
Events by the date they happened
Computed
18 Oct 2026, 20:20 UTC
Updated as sources are reviewed
Source
The studies, reports and investigations themselves, each linked beside its figure; today's advertised rates from the job boards this site reads every day.
Method
Version 1. Definitions
CC BY 4.0, how to cite

Every figure on this page as CSV and JSON, sent to your work email.

Key findings

  1. 1

    The lowest hourly earnings measured are an average of a little more than 90 cents an hour (How the AI industry profits from catastrophe, 2022), and the median of the 26 measured hourly figures is $3.31; open AI training roles advertise a median of $65 an hour today, the expert-heavy end of the same work.

    Figure 2
  2. 2

    43 studies and investigations from 2016 to 2026 are recorded, with 106 figures.

    Figure 1
  3. 3

    A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk (2018): share earning above minimum wage, 111 workers (4%) earned more than $7.25/h, the U.S. federal minimum wage.

    Figure 1
  4. 4

    Quantifying the Invisible Labor in Crowd Work (2021): unpaid time share, 33% of their time daily on invisible labor.

    Figure 1
  5. 5

    Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig Work (2023) estimates workforce size (upper bound) at as high as 435 million online gig workers.

    Figure 3

Figure 1

What the studies found

What have researchers and reporters measured about pay and conditions in data work?

StudyYearMeasureFinding
Prolific's payment modelProlific2026minimum hourly pay ruleminimum hourly rate of £6 / $8 (recommended £9 / $12)
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025: Advancing Standards in Digital Labour and AI Supply Chain GovernanceFairwork2025platforms meeting minimum-wage principlefour platforms (ComeUp, Translated, Elharefa, Terawork) of 16
Is tech 'taking over'? How the online workforce shifts towards tech work (Online Labour Index 2020)Online Labour Observatory2025share of countries where software development is the top online occupationfrom 29% of countries in 2019 to 43% in 2022
Scroll. Click. Suffer. The Hidden Human Cost of Content Moderation and Data LabellingEquidem2025maximum daily working hours reportedup to 18 or even 20 hours a day (the Philippines)
Scroll. Click. Suffer. The Hidden Human Cost of Content Moderation and Data LabellingEquidem2025workers interviewedinterviews with 113 workers across Colombia, Ghana, Kenya, and The Philippines
Scroll. Click. Suffer. The Hidden Human Cost of Content Moderation and Data LabellingEquidem2025bonus share of total paybonuses accounted for more than 70% of total remuneration in some cases
"If I Had Another Job, I Would Not Accept Data Annotation Tasks": How Syrian Refugees in Lebanon Train AI (Data Workers' Inquiry)Data Workers' Inquiry2024piece rate0.014 euros per image; 10,000 images for 140 euros
Data Workers' InquiryData Workers' Inquiry2024number of worker-researchers19 data workers in Venezuela, Kenya, Syria, Brazil, France and Germany
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2023: Work in the Planetary Labour MarketFairwork2023platforms meeting minimum-wage principletwo platforms (ComeUp and Terawork) of 15
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (lower bound)154 million unique registered online gig workers
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (upper bound)as high as 435 million online gig workers
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (main gig workers)132.5 million main gig workers
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023share of global labour force (lower bound)4.4 percent of the global labor force
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023share of global labour force (upper bound)12.5 percent of the global labor force
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023women's earnings as share of men'swomen earning just 68 percent of men's wages
Work in the Planetary Labour Market: Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2022Fairwork2022platforms meeting minimum-wage principlenot awarded to any platform
How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessmentOpen Research Europe2021workforce size (registered profiles)163 million freelancer profiles
How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessmentOpen Research Europe2021workforce size (ever obtained work)approximately 19 million obtained work at least once; 5 million completed at least 10 projects or earned at least $1000
Quantifying the Invisible Labor in Crowd WorkarXiv2021unpaid time share33% of their time daily on invisible labor
Quantifying the Invisible Labor in Crowd WorkarXiv2021median hourly earnings (including invisible labour)$2.83 median hourly wage counting invisible labor ($3.76 if it is ignored)
Work in the Planetary Labour Market: Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2021Oxford Internet Institute2021platforms meeting minimum-wage principleonly 2 of the 11 platforms (Workana and Appen)
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021mean hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)US$3.4 average hourly earnings in a typical week
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021median hourly earningshalf of the workers earn less than US$2.1 per hour
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021mean hourly earnings (microtask platforms)US$3.3 on microtask platforms (US$7.6 on freelance platforms)
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021mean hourly earnings (freelance platforms)US$7.6 on freelance platforms
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021earnings gap, developing vs developed countries60 per cent less, after controlling for basic characteristics and tasks
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021unpaid time shareabout one third of their time, or eight hours, of a 27-hour typical week spent on unpaid work
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021weekly hours27 hours on average in a typical week, including paid and unpaid work
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021unpaid minutes per paid hourabout 23 minutes (freelance) and 20 minutes (microtask) of unpaid work per hour of paid tasks
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of workInternational Labour Organization2021share working over 40 hours a weekhalf work 16 hours or less, 20 per cent work over 40 hours
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical TurkarXiv2018median hourly earnings$1.77/h
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical TurkarXiv2018mean hourly earnings$3.13/h
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical TurkarXiv2018share earning above minimum wage111 workers (4%) earned more than $7.25/h, the U.S. federal minimum wage
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical TurkarXiv2018median hourly earnings excluding unpaid work$3.18/h (median) and $6.19/h (mean) if unpaid work is ignored
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical TurkarXiv2018mean hourly rate paid by requesters$11.58/h on average
Demographics and Dynamics of Mechanical Turk WorkersPanos Ipeirotis (author's site)2018workforce sizemore than 100K workers available; more than 2K active at any given time
Demographics and Dynamics of Mechanical Turk WorkersPanos Ipeirotis (author's site)2018worker half-life on platformhalf-life of 12 to 18 months
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018mean hourly earnings (paid work only)US$4.43 per hour
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018mean hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)US$3.31 per hour
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018median hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)US$2.16 per hour
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018share below minimum wageabout 48 per cent below US$7.25 counting paid work only, 64 per cent counting unpaid work
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018share above minimum wageonly 7 per cent above the German minimum wage of EUR 8.84 per hour (paid and unpaid hours)
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018unpaid minutes per paid hour20 minutes on unpaid activities for every hour of paid work
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018weekly hours24.5 hours per week (18.6 hours paid, 6.2 hours unpaid)
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018share wanting more work88 per cent would like to do more crowdwork, wanting 11.6 more hours per week on average
Digital labour platforms and the future of workInternational Labour Organization2018mean hourly earnings by region (paid and unpaid time)US$1.33 per hour (Africa), against US$4.70 (Northern America)
Online Labour Index: Measuring the Online Gig Economy for Policy and ResearchMunich Personal RePEc Archive2018occupation share of vacancies (software development and technology)roughly one third of the vacancies
Online Labour Index: Measuring the Online Gig Economy for Policy and ResearchMunich Personal RePEc Archive2018annualized growth of online gig workan annualized rate of 14 percent
DataAnnotation: advertised expert ratesDataAnnotation2026advertised expert hourly rateexpert rates of up to $75 to $125+/hr
Handshake AI Program: advertised ratesHandshake2026advertised hourly pay (AI evaluation specialist)up to $17/hr (AI Evaluation Specialist)
Handshake AI Program: advertised ratesHandshake2026advertised hourly pay (expert role)up to $125/hr (Game Developer/Designer)
I refused to train the AI that could replace meRest of World2026offered hourly pay vs national minimum wage600 rand ($37) an hour, against a national minimum wage of 30.23 rand ($2) an hour
I refused to train the AI that could replace meRest of World2026hourly pay250 rupees ($2.60) an hour
Lawyers are training AI how to think like themBusiness Insider2026advertised hourly paybetween $100 and $200 an hour for legal experts (Mercor)
Mercor competitor Deccan AI raises $25M, sources experts from IndiaTechCrunch2026hourly earnings range (company statement)about $10 to $700 per hour; top contributors up to $7,000 a month
The AI-powered World Cup runs on thousands of data workersRest of World2026pay per matchabout 60 euros ($70) per match, plus transportation costs
The gig workers who are training humanoid robots at homeMIT Technology Review2026hourly pay$15 an hour (a data recorder in Nigeria)
AI Is Learning to Do the Jobs of Doctors, Lawyers, and ConsultantsTIME2025advertised mean hourly ratean average hourly rate of $81 per hour, reaching over $200 per hour for Senior Domain Experts
AI Is Learning to Do the Jobs of Doctors, Lawyers, and ConsultantsTIME2025layoffs500 generalist data workers laid off (September 2025)
Desperate for work, translators train the AI that's putting them out of workRest of World2025hourly pay$20 for every hour worked
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025: Advancing Standards in Digital Labour and AI Supply Chain GovernanceFairwork2025share experiencing non-payment31.2% non-payment, 38% late payment
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025: Advancing Standards in Digital Labour and AI Supply Chain GovernanceFairwork2025share feeling secure about earningsonly 35% feel secure about their earnings all or most of the time
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025: Advancing Standards in Digital Labour and AI Supply Chain GovernanceFairwork2025share for whom platform work is main income58% say cloudwork is their primary source of income
How thousands of 'overworked, underpaid' humans train Google's AI to seem smartThe Guardian2025starting hourly pay$16 an hour (generalist raters), $21 an hour (super raters)
How thousands of 'overworked, underpaid' humans train Google's AI to seem smartThe Guardian2025workforce sizealmost 2,000 super raters at peak, shrinking to roughly 1,500 after rolling layoffs in 2025
How thousands of 'overworked, underpaid' humans train Google's AI to seem smartThe Guardian2025time allowed per tasktimer of 30 minutes per task shrank to 15, for about 500 words per response
The hidden Kenyan workers training China's AI modelsRest of World2025daily workloadup to 26,000 videos per person a day, up to 12 hours for beginners
Venezuelan migrants relied on clickwork to survive. Now AI is replacing themRest of World2025piece rate5 to 25 cents per task
Google cuts off an $83 million ghost labor contractRest of World2024hourly pay$14.50 an hour after a contract-wide raise (2023)
Labelers training AI say they're overworked, underpaid and exploited by big American tech companiesCBS News2024hourly pay$2 per hour, gross before tax
Microtrabalho no Brasil: Quem são os trabalhadores por trás da inteligência artificialBBC News Brasil2024mean monthly earningsR$ 583,71 por mes, about 15.5 hours a week
Microtrabalho no Brasil: Quem são os trabalhadores por trás da inteligência artificialBBC News Brasil2024mean hourly earningsUS$ 1,60 (about R$ 9) per hour
Microtrabalho no Brasil: Quem são os trabalhadores por trás da inteligência artificialBBC News Brasil2024share earning only enough for basic bills66% earn only enough to pay the most basic bills
Scale AI's Remotasks platform is dropping whole countries without explanationRest of World2024countries where the platform shut downshut down entirely in Kenya, Nigeria, and Pakistan; new sign-ups stopped in Thailand, Vietnam, and Poland
Side Hustle or Scam? What to Know About Data Annotation WorkTIME2024advertised hourly payaround $20 per hour; $40 for coding tasks (DataAnnotation.tech); $60 per hour for chemistry tasks (Outlier.ai)
AI Is a Lot of WorkThe Verge2023hourly earnings rangedropped to between $1 and $3 per hour (early 2023), from about $5 to $10 when Remotasks arrived
AI Is a Lot of WorkThe Verge2023hourly earnings rangegenerally between $10 and $25 per hour
AI Is a Lot of WorkThe Verge2023hourly earnings rangebetween $15 and $30 per hour; Surge says it has 100,000 annotators
AI Is a Lot of WorkThe Verge2023advertised hourly pay$45 an hour (law), $25 an hour (poetry)
China's AI boom depends on an army of exploited student internsRest of World2023monthly pay3000 to 4000 yuan ($409 to $545) a month, of which schools took 600 to 1000 yuan
China's AI boom depends on an army of exploited student internsRest of World2023share of workforce who are student interns20% to 30% of China's data annotation work force
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2023: Work in the Planetary Labour MarketFairwork2023mean hourly earningsan average of $2.15 USD an hour ($50.30 per week)
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2023: Work in the Planetary Labour MarketFairwork2023unpaid time share6 hours and 18 minutes of 23 hours 30 minutes a week unpaid (26.85%)
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less ToxicTIME2023hourly take-home pay rangebetween around $1.32 and $2 per hour
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less ToxicTIME2023hourly rate paid by client to vendor$12.50 per hour paid by OpenAI to Sama, six to nine times workers' take-home pay
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less ToxicTIME2023monthly base salary21,000 Kenyan shillings ($170) per month
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less ToxicTIME2023workload per shiftbetween 150 and 250 passages of text per nine-hour shift
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less ToxicTIME2023hourly take-home pay range (company statement)between $1.46 and $3.74 per hour after taxes; 70 passages per nine-hour shift
Scale AI is on a hiring spree for speakers of under-represented languagesRest of World2023advertised hourly pay by language$21.55 per hour (German) vs $1.43 per hour (Telugu)
Scale AI is on a hiring spree for speakers of under-represented languagesRest of World2023advertised hourly pay by countryup to $8.20 an hour (Portugal) vs $3.97 per hour (Brazil) for identical jobs
Why Silicon Valley's biggest AI developers are hiring poetsRest of World2023advertised hourly pay (standard vs expert)$13.98 per hour (standard data worker) vs up to $50 per hour (expert poet, editor or creative writer)
How the AI industry profits from catastropheMIT Technology Review2022mean hourly earnings (company statement)an average of a little more than 90 cents an hour
How the AI industry profits from catastropheMIT Technology Review2022workforce sizean estimated 200,000 Venezuelans, 75% of the platforms' workforces, by mid-2018
How the AI industry profits from catastropheMIT Technology Review2022weekly paid-hours capanyone who worked over 60 hours a week would not be paid for extra time
Work in the Planetary Labour Market: Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2022Fairwork2022unpaid hours per weekover 8.5 hours per week on unpaid tasks
Work in the Planetary Labour Market: Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2022Fairwork2022share who completed a task and were not paidalmost a third (186 of 613)
Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclassghostwork.info (authors' book site)2019share of population that has done the workan estimated 8 percent of Americans
Online Labour Index: Measuring the Online Gig Economy for Policy and ResearchMunich Personal RePEc Archive2018share of vacancies posted by US employersroughly 52 percent of all the vacancies
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkersInternational Labour Organization2016mean hourly earnings (US AMT workers)average $5.55 per hour, median $4.65 (American AMT workers)
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkersInternational Labour Organization2016median hourly earnings (Indian AMT workers)Indian AMT: average $3.17, median $1.65; Crowdflower: average $1.77, median just under $1
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkersInternational Labour Organization2016unpaid time share23.2 per cent of working time unpaid; 18 minutes per hour of paid work
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkersInternational Labour Organization2016share with work rejected or payment refused94 per cent have had work rejected or were refused payment
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case StudyPew Research Center2016share earning under $5 per hour52% report earning less than $5 an hour; 8% earn $8 or more
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case StudyPew Research Center2016share earning $8 per hour or moreOnly 8% say they earn $8 per hour or more
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case StudyPew Research Center2016share of tasks paying 10 cents or less61% were microtasks paying 10 cents or less
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case StudyPew Research Center2016share for whom platform work is main income25% earn all or most of their incomes on MTurk; 53% say very little

Sample. 106 figures from 43 studies, reports and investigations, each from the publication linked beside it.

Each figure is as the study states it, for its own population, place and year: they are not adjusted for inflation or currency.

Compiled by. AITraining.jobs Research, What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work, reviewed 10 Oct 2026.

Figure 2

Hourly pay in the studies, against what open roles advertise today

How do the hourly earnings researchers measured compare with today's advertised rates?

FigureYearMeasureUS dollars an hour
Handshake AI Program: advertised rates: advertised hourly pay (expert role)Handshake2026Advertised
AI Is Learning to Do the Jobs of Doctors, Lawyers, and Consultants: advertised mean hourly rateTIME2025Advertised
Open AI training roles on AITraining.jobs, median2026Advertised
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case Study: share earning under $5 per hourPew Research Center2016Measured
Open AI training roles on AITraining.jobs, lowest quarter2026Advertised
Desperate for work, translators train the AI that's putting them out of work: hourly payRest of World2024-2025Measured
Side Hustle or Scam? What to Know About Data Annotation Work: advertised hourly payTIME2024Advertised
Handshake AI Program: advertised rates: advertised hourly pay (AI evaluation specialist)Handshake2026Advertised
The gig workers who are training humanoid robots at home: hourly payMIT Technology Review2026Measured
Google cuts off an $83 million ghost labor contract: hourly payRest of World2023Measured
OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic: hourly rate paid by client to vendorTIME2021-2022Measured
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk: mean hourly rate paid by requestersarXiv2014-2017Measured
Prolific's payment model: minimum hourly pay ruleProlific2026Measured
Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case Study: share earning $8 per hour or morePew Research Center2016Measured
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work: mean hourly earnings (freelance platforms)International Labour Organization2019-2020Measured
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers: mean hourly earnings (US AMT workers)International Labour Organization2015Measured
Digital labour platforms and the future of work: mean hourly earnings (paid work only)International Labour Organization2017Measured
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work: mean hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)International Labour Organization2017-2020Measured
Digital labour platforms and the future of work: mean hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)International Labour Organization2017Measured
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work: mean hourly earnings (microtask platforms)International Labour Organization2017Measured
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk: median hourly earnings excluding unpaid workarXiv2014-2017Measured
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk: mean hourly earningsarXiv2014-2017Measured
Quantifying the Invisible Labor in Crowd Work: median hourly earnings (including invisible labour)arXiv2021Measured
Digital labour platforms and the future of work: median hourly earnings (paid and unpaid time)International Labour Organization2017Measured
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2023: Work in the Planetary Labour Market: mean hourly earningsFairwork2023Measured
World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms in transforming the world of work: median hourly earningsInternational Labour Organization2017-2020Measured
Labelers training AI say they're overworked, underpaid and exploited by big American tech companies: hourly payCBS News2024Measured
A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk: median hourly earningsarXiv2014-2017Measured
Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers: median hourly earnings (Indian AMT workers)International Labour Organization2015Measured
Microtrabalho no Brasil: Quem são os trabalhadores por trás da inteligência artificial: mean hourly earningsBBC News Brasil2024Measured
Digital labour platforms and the future of work: mean hourly earnings by region (paid and unpaid time)International Labour Organization2017Measured
How the AI industry profits from catastrophe: mean hourly earnings (company statement)MIT Technology Review2022Measured

Sample. Hourly figures in US dollars from the studies (30), and the advertised hourly pay of the AI training roles open on the last day of this site's live window.

Advertised pay is what a posting offers for an hour of accepted work; the studies mostly measure what workers actually earned per hour, including unpaid time searching for tasks. The two are not the same measure, and the gap between them is part of the finding.

Studies in other currencies are listed in the first figure, not converted here.

Compiled by. AITraining.jobs Research, What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work, reviewed 10 Oct 2026.

Figure 3

How many people do this work

How large is the online workforce that labels data and trains AI, by the studies' estimates?

StudyYearMeasureEstimate
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (upper bound)as high as 435 million online gig workers
How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessmentOpen Research Europe2021workforce size (registered profiles)163 million freelancer profiles
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (lower bound)154 million unique registered online gig workers
Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig WorkWorld Bank2023workforce size (main gig workers)132.5 million main gig workers
How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessmentOpen Research Europe2021workforce size (ever obtained work)approximately 19 million obtained work at least once; 5 million completed at least 10 projects or earned at least $1000
Demographics and Dynamics of Mechanical Turk WorkersPanos Ipeirotis (author's site)2018workforce sizemore than 100K workers available; more than 2K active at any given time
Data Workers' InquiryData Workers' Inquiry2024number of worker-researchers19 data workers in Venezuela, Kenya, Syria, Brazil, France and Germany
How the AI industry profits from catastropheMIT Technology Review2022workforce sizean estimated 200,000 Venezuelans, 75% of the platforms' workforces, by mid-2018
How thousands of 'overworked, underpaid' humans train Google's AI to seem smartThe Guardian2025workforce sizealmost 2,000 super raters at peak, shrinking to roughly 1,500 after rolling layoffs in 2025
China's AI boom depends on an army of exploited student internsRest of World2023share of workforce who are student interns20% to 30% of China's data annotation work force

Sample. 10 estimates of the size of the online gig and data-work workforce.

Estimates count different populations (all online gig work, microtask work, one platform's registered workers) and are not comparable with one another.

Compiled by. AITraining.jobs Research, What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work, reviewed 10 Oct 2026.

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Method and definitions

The studies, reports and investigations themselves, each linked beside its figure; today's advertised rates from the job boards this site reads every day. Every row links the publication it is taken from, with the figure as that publication states it; nothing is estimated or converted. Each figure states what it includes beneath it.

Measured earnings
What a study found workers actually earned per hour (often counting unpaid time spent finding and qualifying for tasks), for its population, place and year.
Advertised pay
The hourly figure an open AI training role states (the middle of a stated range), on the last day of this site's live window. A median needs at least 8 roles stating a rate.
As published
Every figure keeps its study's own definition, currency and year: nothing is converted, deflated or pooled.

What this data cannot tell you

  • Compiled from public sources: an event that was never announced or reported is missing, and private companies' figures are what they or the press stated, not audited.
  • Studies measure different populations, years and definitions; set side by side they show a range, not a trend.
  • Advertised pay is an offer for an accepted hour and leans towards the expert end of the work; measured earnings include unpaid time. The comparison shows the gap between the two, not one market's change.

How the job feeds are read and roles are classified: site methodology. How fresh, complete and consistent the data is, checked every day: data quality and coverage.

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Citation

AITraining.jobs (2026). What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work (live data, 1 Jan 2016 to 10 Oct 2026). https://www.aitraining.run/research/research-on-ai-data-work-pay (accessed 18 Oct 2026)

BibTeX

@misc{aitrainingjobs_research_on_ai_data_work_pay_live,
  author = {{AITraining.jobs}},
  title = {What Studies Find About Pay in AI Data Work (live data, 1 Jan 2016 to 10 Oct 2026)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.aitraining.run/research/research-on-ai-data-work-pay}},
  note = {Accessed 18 Oct 2026},
}
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